DELETE
FROM
`table_name`
WHERE
`image` IN (
SELECT
a.`image`
FROM
(
SELECT
`image`
FROM
`table_name`
GROUP BY
`image`
HAVING
COUNT( * ) > 1
) a
)
AND `id` NOT IN (
SELECT
b.`id`
FROM
(
SELECT
min( `id` ) AS `id`
FROM
`table_name`
GROUP BY
`image`
) b
)